Essay Writing Class 11 – NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Science Chapter 18 Wastewater Story in English Medium or Hindi Medium Free Download or View Online Updated for New Academic Session 2023-2024. Watch for free in video format with chapter keywords and complete explanation. Download NCERT Solutions 2023-24 in PDF format updated for 2020-2021. Visit the discussion forum to ask your questions to friends and others.
CBSE NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Science Chapter 18 Wastewater Story in Hindi and English Medium updated for session 2023-2024.
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6. The system of pipe networks used to transport wastewater from homes or public buildings to treatment plants is known as
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10. Water polluted by various human activities causes many water borne diseases. Which of the following is not a waterborne disease?
Oil and grease clog the drain reducing its effectiveness in filtering water. In open ditches, they block the pores of the soil and thus prevent soil filtration. Therefore, oil and grease should not go down the drain.
Wastewater treatment includes physical, chemical, and biological processes that remove physical, chemical, and biological contaminants from wastewater. The following steps are involved: Waste water is passed through grates that remove large objects such as rags, sticks, cans, plastic bags, napkins, etc. The water then passes through a sand and grit removal tank, where the sand, grit and gravel come out. The water is then allowed to enter a tank where solids such as dirt (called sludge) settle to the bottom and are removed with a scraper. The skimmer removes floating solids such as oil and grease. Water purified in this way is called pure water. The sludge is used for biogas production. The purified water is then passed through an aerator tank where air is pumped into the water. This helps the growth of aerobic bacteria that break down organic matter such as human waste. After a few hours, the suspended microbes settle to the bottom of the tank as activated sludge. Then the water is removed from the surface. The dried activated sludge is used as manure. Water is taken from the surface and stored in a tank. Treated water has low levels of organic material and suspended matter. It is released into the sea, river or land. Sometimes it is disinfected with chemicals such as chlorine and ozone and then distributed to municipalities. NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 20 Motion and Motion to study online as well as free download in PDF format for the academic session 2023-2024. Also download NCERT Solutions for Chemistry, Mathematics, Business Studies and other subjects. Join the discussion forum and share your views on the world of knowledge.
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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 20 in PDF Free Download for New Session 2023-24. Join the discussion forum to ask your doubts and discuss your queries with our experts. Download NCERT books 2023-24 based on latest CBSE syllabus for all boards using NCERT books as textbooks. If you have any query related to NIOS board, please ask through discussion forum.
1. Skeletal muscles or striated muscles: They participate in movement and changing the position of the body. They are also known as voluntary muscles.
2. Visceral muscles or smooth muscle: It is located in the inner wall of the hollow visceral organ, it is smooth in appearance and their activity is not under the control of the nervous system. These are called involuntary muscles.
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1. Amoeboid movement: These movements occur in phagocytes where leukocytes and macrophages migrate through the tissue. It is affected by pseudopodia formed by streaming protoplasm (as in amoeba)
1. Actin filament: An actin filament is made of two ‘F’ actins that are spirally wound on top of each other. Two filaments of the tropomyosin protein also run close to ‘F’ actin along its entire length. The complex protein Troponin is distributed at regular intervals on tropomyosin that hides the actin binding site of myosin.
2. Myosin filament: Each myosin filament is a polymer of meromyosin. Each meromyosin has two components, a globular head with a short arm and a tail. The head is made of heavy meromyosin while the tail is made of light meromyosin. The head with the short arm moves outward at a regular distance and angle from each other and is known as the cross arm. The head has an actin active site and an ATP binding site.
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The sliding filament theory explains the process of muscle contraction in which thin filaments slide over thick filaments, shortening the myofibril. Each muscle fiber has an alternating light and dark band, which contains a special contractile protein called actin and myosin. Actin is the thin contractile protein that is in the light band and is known as the I-band, while myosin is the dense contractile protein that is in the dark band and is known as the A-band. There is an elastic fiber called the z line that separates each I-band. The thin filament is tightly attached to the z line. The central part of the thick filament that does not overlap the thin filament is known as the H-zone. During muscle contraction, the myosin heads or cross bridges are in close contact with the thin filaments. As a result, the thin filaments are pulled toward the center of the sarcomere. The Z line attached to the actin filaments also retracts causing the sarcomere to shorten. Thus, the band length remains constant as its original length and the I-band shortens and the H-band disappears.
During skeletal muscle contraction, the thick filament slides over the thin filament by repeatedly binding and releasing myosin along the filament. This whole process happens sequentially. Step 1: Muscle contraction is initiated by signals traveling along the axon to reach the neuromuscular junction or motor end plate. A neuromuscular junction is the junction between a neuron and the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber. As a result, acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter) is released into the synaptic cleft by generating an action potential in the sarcolemma. Step 2: The generation of this action potential releases calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. Step 3: Additional calcium ions in the sarcoplasm lead to the activation of actin sites. Calcium ions bind troponin to actin filaments and dislodge tropomyosin, which is wrapped around actin filaments. Therefore, the active sites of actin are exposed and this allows the myosin heads to bind to this site. Step 4: In this phase, the myosin head binds to the exposed actin site and forms cross-bridges using the energy from ATP hydrolysis. Actin filaments retract. As a result, the H-zone is reduced. In this phase, muscle contraction occurs. Step 5: After muscle contraction, the myosin head pulls the actin filament and releases ADP along with inorganic phosphate. ATP molecules bind and detach from the myosin and the cross-bridges break. Phase 6: This process of cross-bridge formation and breakdown continues until the stimulus falls, causing an increase in calcium. As a result, the concentration of calcium ions decreases, thus keeping the actin filaments and leading to muscle relaxation.
Movement is a characteristic feature of living organisms. The different types of movement shown by cells in the human body are: Amoeboid Movement: The leukocytes in the blood show amoeboid movement. During tissue injury, these blood cells migrate from the circulatory system to the site of injury to initiate an immune response. Ciliary Movement: Reproductive cells such as sperm and eggs exhibit ciliary movement. The passage of eggs through the fallopian tube towards the uterus is facilitated by this movement. Muscle movement: Muscle cells show muscle movement. NCERT Class 11 Book Essay 1 English Woven Words My Hour can be read or downloaded on this page. Students who are in class 11 or preparing for any exam based on class 11 English can refer NCERT’s English Woven Vocabulary book for preparation. Digital NCERT Books Class 11 English Woven Words pdf always comes in handy if you don’t have access to a physical copy.
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You can read NCERT English Class 11 Essay 1 here. Also after the essay, you will get links to class 11 english notes, NCERT solutions, important questions, practice papers and more. Scroll down to My Hour from NCERT Book 11 English and Important Study Material.
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